Table 1. Mechanism of Exercise on Beneficial Effect in Heart Failure [13,19-21]

Category	Mechanisms
Cardiac function	Cardiac output ↑, Filling pressures ↓
Skeletal muscle function and structure	Strength ↑, Mass ↑, Oxygen extraction ↑
Endothelial function	Vasoconstriction ↓, Left ventricle afterload ↓, Blood pressure ↓
Autonomic nervous system	Sympathetic tone ↓, Vagal tone ↑
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system	Renin ↓, Angiotensin ↓, Aldosterone ↓
Pulmonary function	Respiratory muscle strength ↑, Minute ventilation ↑
Glucose and lipid metabolism	Insulin resistance ↓, Adiposity ↓, Hyperlipidemia ↓
Inflammatory response	Inflammatory cytokines ↓