| Age, year | 69.3 ± 10.5 | 67.9 ± 13.1 | 0.563 |
| Male, n (%) | 22 (50.0%) | 34 (68.0%) | 0.076 |
| Body mass index | 23.2 ± 3.6 | 22.1 ± 3.5 | 0.120 |
| Past medical history, n (%) | | | |
| Hypertension | 19 (43.2%) | 23 (46.0%) | 0.784 |
| Diabetes | 12 (27.3%) | 16 (32.0%) | 0.617 |
| Dyslipidemia | 7 (15.9%) | 7 (14.0%) | 0.795 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 23 (52.3%) | 22 (44.0%) | 0.423 |
| Previous stroke | 3 (6.8%) | 6 (12.0%) | 0.394 |
| Chronic renal failure | 6 (13.6%) | 6 (12.0%) | 0.812 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 15 (34.1%) | 19 (38.8%) | 0.640 |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 14 (31.8%) | 20 (40.8%) | 0.368 |
| Preoperative ejection fraction (%) | 58.6 ± 10.9 | 52.4 ± 16.0 | 0.035* |
| Surgery type, n (%) | | | 0.199 |
| CABG | 8 (18.2%) | 9 (18.0%) | |
| Heart valve surgery | 28 (63.6%) | 32 (64.0%) | |
| Combined surgery | 8 (18.2%) | 5 (10.0%) | |
| Heart transplantation | 0 | 4 (8.0%) | |
| Operation factors | | | |
| Operation time, min | 350.3 ± 205.3 | 376.0 ± 192.9 | 0.535 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass use, n (%) | 32 (72.7%) | 42 (84.0%) | 0.192 |
| Laboratory findings | | | |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.5 ± 2.1 | 11.5 ± 2.4 | 0.988 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.46 ± 1.53 | 1.55 ± 1.07 | 0.731 |
| White blood cell, 103/uL | 7.65 ± 3.82 | 8.06 ± 4.90 | 0.655 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 1.64 ± 3.62 | 2.61 ±5.60 | 0.328 |
| Seizure history, n (%) | 7 (15.9%) | 15 (30.0%) | 0.107 |
| Initial functional evaluation | | | |
| MBI (0-100) | 44.0 ± 24.7 | 18.8 ± 22.5 | < 0.001* |
| FAC (0-5) | 1.98 ± 1.17 | 1.06 ± 1.27 | 0.001* |
| MMT sum (0-60) | 45.6 ± 7.6 | 40.8 ± 9.0 | 0.007* |
| Follow-up functional evaluation | | | |
| MBI (0-100) | 63.1 ± 22.6 | 33.9 ± 26.1 | < 0.001* |
| FAC (0-5) | 2.86 ± 1.25 | 1.74 ± 1.31 | < 0.001* |
| MMT sum (0-60) | 48.2 ± 7.1 | 41.7 ± 10.8 | 0.001* |
| Stroke, n (%) | 23 (52.3%) | 32 (64.0%) | 0.250 |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 60.8 ± 32.5 | 102.6 ± 71.5 | < 0.001* |
| Duration of rehabilitation, days | 19.6 ± 5.9 | 22.5 ± 6.9 | 0.030* |