| Age, year | 66.9 ± 13.3 | 70.8 ± 9.4 | 0.122 |
| Male, n (%) | 33 (60.0 %) | 23 (59.0%) | 0.920 |
| Body mass index | 22.8 ± 3.8 | 22.4 ± 3.2 | 0.592 |
| Past medical history, n (%) | | | |
| Hypertension | 22 (40.0%) | 20 (51.3%) | 0.278 |
| Diabetes | 15 (27.3%) | 13 (33.3%) | 0.527 |
| Dyslipidemia | 6 (10.9%) | 8 (20.5%) | 0.198 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 25 (45.5%) | 20 (51.3%) | 0.577 |
| Previous stroke | 5 (9.1%) | 4 (10.3%) | 0.850 |
| Chronic renal failure | 4 (7.3%) | 8 (20.5%) | 0.058 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 19 (35.2%) | 15 (38.5%) | 0.746 |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 20 (37.0%) | 14 (35.9%) | 0.910 |
| Preoperative ejection fraction (%) | 57.2 ± 12.6 | 52.8 ± 15.6 | 0.147 |
| Surgery type, n (%) | | | 0.739 |
| CABG | 11 (20.0%) | 6 (15.4%) | |
| Heart valve surgery | 36 (65.5%) | 24 (61.5%) | |
| Combined surgery | 6 (10.9%) | 7 (17.9%) | |
| Heart transplantation | 2 (3.6%) | 2 (5.1%) | |
| Operation factors | | | |
| Operation time, min | 357.2 ± 200.7 | 372.4 ± 197.2 | 0.715 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass use, n (%) | 44 (81.5%) | 30 (76.9%) | 0.591 |
| Laboratory findings | | | |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.1 ± 2.2 | 10.7 ± 2.1 | 0.004* |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.27 ± 0.95 | 1.84 ± 1.68 | 0.054 |
| White blood cell, 103/uL | 7.45 ± 3.29 | 8.46 ± 5.62 | 0.280 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 1.45 ± 3.30 | 3.15 ± 6.22 | 0.125 |
| Seizure, n (%) | 17 (30.9%) | 5 (12.8%) | 0.041* |
| Initial functional evaluation | | | |
| MBI (0-100) | 23.9 ± 26.4 | 40.1 ± 24.3 | 0.004* |
| FAC (0-5) | 1.22 ± 1.30 | 1.85 ± 1.23 | 0.021* |
| MMT sum (0-60) | 43.1 ± 9.6 | 43.1 ± 7.23 | 0.979 |
| Follow up functional evaluation | | | |
| MBI (0-100) | 43.9 ± 30.1 | 53.0 ± 25.3 | 0.123 |
| FAC (0-5) | 2.15 ± 1.52 | 2.44 ± 1.19 | 0.322 |
| MMT sum (0-60) | 44.6 ± 11.3 | 45.0 ± 7.3 | 0.857 |
| Home Discharge, n (%) | 23 (41.8%) | 21 (53.8%) | 0.250 |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 80.0 ± 68.4 | 87.4 ± 46.7 | 0.562 |
| Duration of rehabilitation, days | 22.4 ± 6.7 | 19.4 ± 6.1 | 0.028* |