| Age, year | 67.5 ± 10.2 | 66.5 ± 15.2 | 0.797 |
| Male, n (%) | 11 (47.8%) | 22 (68.8%) | 0.118 |
| Body mass index | 23.9 ± 4.0 | 21.9 ± 3.5 | 0.056 |
| Past medical history, n (%) | | | |
| Hypertension | 7 (30.4%) | 15 (46.9%) | 0.220 |
| Diabetes | 6 (26.1%) | 9 (28.1%) | 0.867 |
| Dyslipidemia | 2 (8.7%) | 4 (12.5%) | 0.655 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 13 (56.5%) | 12 (37.5%) | 0.162 |
| Previous stroke | 0 | 5 (15.6%) | 0.047* |
| Chronic renal failure | 2 (8.7%) | 2 (6.3%) | 0.730 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 7 (30.4%) | 12 (38.7%) | 0.529 |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 7 (30.4%) | 13 (41.9%) | 0.387 |
| Preoperative ejection fraction (%) | 63.4 ± 5.5 | 52.7 ± 14.4 | 0.001* |
| Surgery type, n (%) | | | 0.536 |
| CABG | 4 (17.4%) | 7 (21.9%) | |
| Heart valve surgery | 17 (73.9%) | 19 (59.4%) | |
| Combined surgery | 2 (8.7%) | 4 (12.5%) | |
| Heart transplantation | 0 | 2 (6.3%) | |
| Operation factors | | | |
| Operation time, min | 332.7 ± 210.6 | 382.3 ± 193.7 | 0.374 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass use, n (%) | 17 (73.9%) | 27 (87.1%) | 0.217 |
| Laboratory findings | | | |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.1 ± 2.2 | 12.1 ± 2.3 | 0.961 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.27 ± 1.29 | 1.27 ± 0.61 | 0.995 |
| White blood cell, 103/uL | 7.51 ± 3.17 | 7.42 ± 3.42 | 0.919 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 1.00 ± 2.42 | 1.77 ±3.82 | 0.403 |
| Seizure, n (%) | 6 (26.1%) | 11 (34.4%) | 0.512 |
| Initial functional evaluation | | | |
| MBI (0-100) | 42.3 ± 26.6 | 9.9 ± 15.5 | < 0.001* |
| FAC (0-5) | 1.91 ± 1.34 | 0.75 ± 1.05 | 0.001* |
| MMT sum (0-60) | 46.7 ± 8.2 | 40.4 ± 9.9 | 0.016* |
| Follow up functional evaluation | | | |
| MBI (0-100) | 63.6 ± 25.3 | 28.8 ± 24.5 | < 0.001* |
| FAC (0-5) | 3.00 ± 1.41 | 1.53 ± 1.30 | < 0.001* |
| MMT sum (0-60) | 48.9 ± 7.8 | 41.4 ± 12.5 | 0.019* |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 57.2 ± 36.8 | 96.4 ± 80.8 | 0.035* |
| Duration of rehabilitation, days | 19.3 ± 6.4 | 24.7 ± 6.0 | 0.002* |
| Lesion laterality | | | 0.724 |
| Right | 7 (30.4%) | 7 (21.9%) | |
| Left | 6 (26.1%) | 8 (25.0%) | |
| Bilateral | 10 (43.5%) | 17 (53.1%) | |
| Vascular territory | | | 0.265 |
| Anterior circulation | 10 (43.5%) | 9 (28.1%) | |
| Posterior circulation | 0 | 4 (12.5%) | |
| Multiple territory | 11 (47.8%) | 15 (46.9%) | |
| Others (unspecified, haemorrhage) | 2 (8.7%) | 4 (12.5%) | |
| Lesion patterns | | | 0.867 |
| Cortical | 4 (17.4%) | 7 (21.9%) | |
| Subcortical | 2 (8.7%) | 2 (6.3%) | |
| Borderzone | 2 (8.7%) | 5 (15.6%) | |
| Large territorial | 6 (26.1%) | 9 (28.1%) | |
| Others (multiple, haemorrhage) | 9 (39.1%) | 9 (28.1%) | |
| Carotid stenosis, n (%) | 15 (65.2%) | 18 (56.3%) | 0.503 |